The Mongolian people's knowledge of the history of Lamaism in Mongolia and its significance for the culture and life of the Mongols had been systematically erased during the socialist period. In this respect, it makes sense even today to recall some facets of the history of Lamaism in Mongolia. And it is important to understand that religion, as a component of culture, also contributes to the cultural immunity of a nation and thus to its independence.

German-Chinese Relations up to the 20th Century

The history of relations between the Mongols and Tibetan Buddhism or Lamaism is an important part of Mongolian cultural history. This article examines the relationship between this religion and the Mongol Empire.

Несколько лет назад я опубликовал более длинную версию этой статьи. Я хотел больше сосредоточиться на историческом контексте боев на Халхин-Голе и различных точках зрения на этот вопрос.

Sovereign Mongolia is the heartland of the Mongolian cultural area and the ‘hearth of the Mongols’. This cultural area is characterised by the national script, history, customs, nomadic culture and civilisation, and, of course, religion. The Mongolian state therefore sees it as its duty to promote and maintain this ‘heartland of Mongolians’ within the scope of its intellectual and spiritual potential and its political and economic possibilities.